Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

What is Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)?
Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) occurs when the two valve leaflets of the mitral valve do not close properly. Instead, they bulge (prolapse) upward into the left atrium of the heart during a heartbeat. This can sometimes cause blood to leak backward, a condition known as mitral regurgitation. MVP can be associated with a range of clinical symptoms, and in some cases, it may require treatment.

Illustration: Imagine the mitral valve as a door with two flaps (leaflets). Normally, these flaps close tightly to prevent blood from flowing backward. In MVP, the flaps are loose and bulge backward, making the door “leak.”

Symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse:

Many people with MVP may not have noticeable symptoms. However, some may experience:

  • Chest Pain: Discomfort or pain in the chest that may be sharp or dull.
  • Palpitations: Sensation of an irregular or racing heartbeat.
  • Dizziness or Lightheadedness: Feeling faint or dizzy, especially during physical activity.
  • Shortness of Breath: Difficulty catching your breath, even with mild exertion or at rest.

Complications of Mitral Valve Prolapse:

In some cases, MVP can lead to more serious conditions, including:

  • Mitral Regurgitation: If the valve leak becomes severe, it can cause significant blood flow issues. This may eventually require surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve.
  • Irregular Heartbeats (Arrhythmias): MVP can lead to abnormal heart rhythms, such as Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT), which may cause rapid heartbeats.
  • Infective Endocarditis: MVP can increase the risk of infection in the heart valves, a condition known as infective endocarditis.

Diagnosis of MVP:

Several tests are used to diagnose Mitral Valve Prolapse and assess its severity:

  • Electrocardiogram (ECG): Measures the heart’s electrical activity to detect abnormal rhythms.
  • Echocardiogram: A detailed ultrasound of the heart to visualize the mitral valve’s structure and function.
  • Exercise Stress Test: Monitors how the heart functions under physical stress to detect any abnormalities.
  • Cardiac Catheterization: Usually used in cases of severe mitral regurgitation, this test measures the pressure in the heart chambers.

Treatment for Mitral Valve Prolapse:

  1. Medical Therapy:
    • Beta Blockers: These medications help manage symptoms like palpitations and chest pain by slowing the heart rate and reducing the heart’s workload.
    • Anti-arrhythmic Medications: These are used to control abnormal heart rhythms associated with MVP.
    • Aspirin: May be recommended in some cases to reduce the risk of blood clots, particularly in patients with arrhythmias.
  2. Surgery:
    In cases of severe mitral regurgitation where the valve leak worsens, surgery may be necessary:
    • Mitral Valve Repair: Surgeons repair the valve to stop the leak and restore proper blood flow.
    • Mitral Valve Replacement: If the valve cannot be repaired, it may need to be replaced with a mechanical or tissue valve.

Living with Mitral Valve Prolapse:

Most people with MVP live normal, unrestricted lives. Regular check-ups and monitoring are essential to detect any changes in the condition. If symptoms develop, treatment can help manage them and prevent complications.